Taxes on employment, whether levied on employers or employees. Social charges are levied in many countries, to pay for various social benefits such as unemployment insurance and pensions. In the UK social charges take the form of National Insurance contributions. Social charges make the cost of labour to employers higher than the earnings of their employees. High social charges are thought to contribute to high levels of unemployment in some EU countries.

• exclusion
• exclusive dealing
• ex dividend
• executive, chief
• exercise price
• exhaustible resources
• Eximbank
• exit
• exit, freedom of
• exit price
• exogenous expectations
• expectations
• expectations-augmented Phillips curve
• expectations, model-consistent
• expected inflation
• expected utility
• expected value
• expenditure
• expenditure-based deflator
• expenditure changing
• expenditure method
• expenditure, public
• expenditure switching
• expenditure tax
• exploitation