| 单词 | integration |
| 释义 | integration 1) The combination of different economic activities under unified control. This may involve vertical integration that is, either backward integration, where a business is combined with one supplying its inputs, or forward integration, where a business is combined with one using its outputs. It may also involve horizontal integration, where a business is combined with another which may use the same suppliers or sell in the same markets. See also: backward integration, forward integration, horizontal integration, and vertical integration 2) The organization of economic activities so that national boundaries do not matter. Complete economic integration would imply free trade in all goods and services, perfect capital mobility, complete freedom of migration, complete freedom of establishment for businesses, and an unhindered flow of information and ideas. It would also imply the elimination of national differences in taxation, in the financing of social services, in the rules governing competition and monopoly, and in environmental regulation; and arguably a single currency. Complete economic integration is clearly a very distant prospect for the world as a whole, although some part of the way towards it has been covered in economic blocs such as the European Union (EU) and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Some further movement towards integration is widely considered desirable for countries with similar cultures; whether it is desirable at all where there are wide differences in culture is a matter of dispute. 3) The process of finding an integral. For many mathematical functions there are convenient standard forms, or rules for doing this. For example, the integral of xα is always xα + 1 /(α + 1), provided α ≠ -1, (if α = -1, the integral is lnx); and the integral of eβx is eβx /β; in both cases plus a constant of integration. Many other functions also have convenient standard form integrals. Some commonly used functions unfortunately do not have analytical integrals, for example the formula for the normal distribution; definite integrals for these have to be found as approximations using numerical methods. See also: constant of integration 4) A property of time series, concerning the number of times they need to be differenced to produce a stationary series. See also: order of integration |
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