A tendency for estimates of variables to be systematically too high or too low. This may be due to the method of sample selection, the way in which questions are put, or the calculations based on the data collected. Researchers can try to select samples by random methods which do not bias the results, and to put questions in a form which does not appear to invite any particular answer. If the extent of any remaining bias is known, methods of calculation can be changed to allow for it.

• constraint
• consultant
• consumer
• consumer behaviour
• consumer borrowing
• consumer choice
• consumer confidence
• consumer credit
• consumer debt
• consumer durables
• consumer expenditure
• consumer goods
• consumerism
• consumer non-durables
• consumer price index
• consumer protection
• consumer rationality
• consumer sovereignty
• consumer surplus
• consumption
• consumption externality
• consumption function
• consumption goods
• consumption possibility line
• contagion